Properties and Characteristics of Enzymes

The study of the characteristics of Enzymes gives a very clear view of the role these proteins play in metabolism as biological catalysts.  Enzymes are proteins and the properties and characteristics they exhibit reflect properties of protein. They are organic catalysts that speed up biological reactions especially in digestion and metabolism of food substances. Below are the properties and characteristics of enzymes.

1. Enzymes Generally Work Very Rapidly:–  The action and speed of an enzyme is one of the major characteristics of enzymes and it is expressed as its turnover number. The turnover number is the number of substrate molecules which one mole of the enzyme turns into products per minute. It can be observed that the turnover numbers of different enzymes vary from 100 to several millions and for a greater majority of enzymes, this figure hovers around several thousand. Catalase is the fastest known enzyme and it is found in hydrogen peroxide where it catalyzes its decomposition into water and oxygen. Catalase has a turnover number of 6million and its action can be demonstrated by dropping a piece of liver into a beaker of hydrogen peroxide—- the fizzing that occurs as the oxygen is given off is a wonderful demonstration of an enzyme in action.

In their speed of action, enzymes are much more efficient than their inorganic catalyst counterparts. Finely divided platinum or pieces of iron fillings also speed up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide but the speed at which they do so is incomparable to that of a piece of liver. The explanation to this is that organic catalysts such as liver achieves a greater lowering of the activation energy compared to inorganic catalysts.

2. Enzymes Can Work In Either Direction:–   Metabolic reactions are reversible and the direction in which these reactions proceed depends largely on the relative amounts of the reacting substrates and the products formed. The reaction either to the left or to the right until an equilibrium is reached between the substrates and the products formed. Therefore, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of products from substrates would also cause the products to be split into the component substrates when the product is in excess to maintain an equilibrium.

3. Enzymes Are Not Destroyed Or Altered By The Reactions They Catalyze:–  Enzymes can re re-used because they are not destroyed by the reactions they catalyze. However, enzymes cannot be used indefinitely because they are quite unstable as they can be inactivated by heat, acids, and alkaline substances and so on and by this, they are different from inorganic catalysts that stable and that can be re-used over and over again indefinitely.

4. Enzymes Are Sensitive to pH Changes:–  Enzymes operate at specific pH ranges and any alterations can adversely affect their action and efficiency. Most intracellular enzymes function best at neutral pH. Interestingly, certain digestive enzymes prefer a distinctly alkaline or acidic environment. This accounts for why the protein splitting enzyme known as pepsin function only in an acidic medium at a pH of about 2.0 is found in the stomach where the environment is acidic.

Trypsin can only function in an alkaline medium at about a pH of 8.5 and often found in the duodenum where the conditions are alkaline.

5. Enzymes Are Specific In Their Action:–  Enzymes are much more specific in the reactions they catalyze than inorganic catalysts. However, the degree of catalytic specificity varies from one enzyme to the other. Most intracellular enzymes work on a particular substrate while some digestive enzymes work on a comparatively wide range of substrates that are related. For instance, catalase would only split hydrogen peroxide but an enzyme like the pancreatic lipase is much less specific and would digest a variety of different fats.

6. Enzymes Are Inactivated By Excessive Heat:–  Since enzymes are proteins, they are averse to excessive heat. This is because enzymes get denatured when exposed to high temperatures and that explains why very few cells can tolerate temperatures that exceed 45 degrees centigrade. Organisms that live in environment where the prevailing temperature exceeds 45 degrees centigrade either have heat-resistant enzymes or a capable of regulating their body temperature. A perfect example of an organism with heat-resistant enzymes is the blue-green algae that live in hot springs at temperatures of 100 degrees centigrade.

 Types Of Enzymes

There are six types of Enzymes that are classified based on their mode of action. These enzymes are involved in the body’s metabolic pathway and have had great significance in our overall digestive processes as humans

1.  Ligases: Ligases are enzymes that cause ligation to occur. Ligation occurs when two substrates are joined together by the aid of a chemical potential energy. This chemical reaction occurs accompanied with the hydrolysis of a diphosphate bond. DNA ligase which is involved in the repair of broken DNA molecule is an example of a ligase enzyme.

2. Oxydoreductases: These enzymes catalyses oxidation or reduction reactions which involves the transfer of electrons from one molecule to the other. Oxidoreductases are involved in glycolytic reactions(reactions involving glycolysis).

3. Isomerases: Isomerases are involved in the catalysis of structural changes in molecules. These type of catalysis only brings about a change in the shape of the substrate. There are enantiomer, geometric, structural and stereoisomer isomerases.

4. Hydrolases: These are enzymes that are involved in hydrolytic reactions. They in effect bring about hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the breaking of chemical bond with the addition of water. Exohydrolases break the molecules are the end of the chain while endohydrolases break the molecules at the middle of the chain. Most hydrolases are involved in the breakdown of proteins and ester bonds.

5. Transferases: Transferases are involved in the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to the other. Functional groups such as methyl group can be transferred to a molecule which can act as a donor or an acceptor of that functional group.

6. Lyases: These are enzymes that generate double bond. As their name implies, they cause lysis. Lysis reactions are elimination reactions that are neither oxidative nor hydrolytic. Lyases can sometimes be referred to as synthase enzymes.

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